 |
|
Background: |
Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and political power. Spain remained neutral in World Wars I and II but suffered through a devastating civil war (1936-39). A peaceful transition to democracy following the death of dictator Francisco FRANCO in 1975, and rapid economic modernization (Spain joined the EU in 1986) have given Spain one of the most dynamic economies in Europe and made it a global champion of freedom. Continuing challenges include Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) terrorism and relatively high unemployment. |
|
Location: |
Southwestern Europe, bordering
the Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and Pyrenees
Mountains, southwest of France |
|
Geographic coordinates: |
40 00 N, 4 00 W |
|
Map references: |
Europe |
|
Area: |
total: 504,782 sq km
land: 499,542 sq km
water: 5,240 sq km
note: there are two autonomous cities - Ceuta and Melilla - and
17 autonomous communities including Balearic Islands and Canary Islands,
and three small Spanish possessions off the coast of Morocco - Islas
Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera |
|
Area - comparative: |
slightly more than twice the
size of Oregon |
|
Land boundaries: |
total: 1,917.8 km
border countries: Andorra 63.7 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2
km, Portugal 1,214 km, Morocco (Ceuta) 6.3 km, Morocco (Melilla) 9.6 km
|
|
Coastline: |
4,964 km |
|
Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200
nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean) |
|
Climate: |
temperate; clear, hot summers
in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in
interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast |
|
Terrain: |
large, flat to dissected
plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in north |
|
Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Atlantic
Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary
Islands 3,718 m |
|
Natural resources: |
coal, lignite, iron ore,
copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite,
fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land
|
|
Land use: |
arable land: 27.18%
permanent crops: 9.85%
other: 62.97% (2005) |
|
Irrigated land: |
37,800 sq km (2003) |
|
Natural hazards: |
periodic droughts |
|
Environment - current issues: |
pollution of the Mediterranean
Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and
gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation;
desertification |
|
Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Air Pollution,
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants |
|
Geography - note: |
strategic location along
approaches to Strait of Gibraltar |
|
Population: |
40,448,191 (July 2007 est.)
|
|
Age structure: |
0-14 years: 14.4% (male
3,005,818/female 2,826,805)
15-64 years: 67.8% (male
13,758,869/female 13,661,295)
65 years and over: 17.8% (male
3,002,585/female 4,192,819) (2007 est.) |
|
Median age: |
total: 40.3 years
male: 39 years
female: 41.7 years (2007 est.) |
|
Population growth rate: |
0.116% (2007 est.) |
|
Birth rate: |
9.98 births/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
|
Death rate: |
9.81 deaths/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
|
Net migration rate: |
0.99 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2007 est.) |
|
Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.07
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.063 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.007 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.716 male(s)/female
total population: 0.956 male(s)/female
(2007 est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate: |
total: 4.31 deaths/1,000
live births
male: 4.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 79.78
years
male: 76.46 years
female: 83.32 years (2007
est.) |
|
Total fertility rate: |
1.29 children born/woman (2007
est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.7% (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
140,000 (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
less than 1,000 (2003 est.)
|
|
Nationality: |
noun: Spaniard(s)
adjective: Spanish |
|
Ethnic groups: |
composite of Mediterranean and
Nordic types |
|
Religions: |
Roman Catholic 94%, other 6%
|
|
Languages: |
Castilian Spanish (official)
74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%, are official regionally |
|
Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 97.9%
male: 98.7%
female: 97.2% (2003 est.)
|
|
Country name: |
conventional long form:
Kingdom of Spain
conventional short form: Spain
local
long form: Reino de Espana
local short form: Espana |
|
Government type: |
parliamentary monarchy |
|
Capital: |
name: Madrid
geographic coordinates: 40 24 N, 3 41 W
time
difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March;
ends last Sunday in October
note: Spain is divided into two
time zones including the Canary Islands |
|
Administrative divisions: |
17 autonomous communities
(comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma)and 2 autonomous
cities* (ciudades autonomas, singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia,
Aragon, Asturias, Baleares (Balearic Islands), Ceuta*, Canarias (Canary
Islands), Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna,
Comunidad Valenciana, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Melilla*,
Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco (Basque Country)
note: the
autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla plus three small islands of Islas
Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera,
administered directly by the Spanish central government, are all along the
coast of Morocco and are collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty
(Plazas de Soberania) |
|
Independence: |
the Iberian peninsula was
characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Muslim
occupation that began in the early 8th century A.D. and lasted nearly
seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the
reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in
1492; this event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is
traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain |
|
National holiday: |
National Day, 12 October
(1492); year when Columbus first set foot in the Americas |
|
Constitution: |
approved by legislature 31
October 1978; passed by referendum 6 December 1978, effective 29 December
1978 |
|
Legal system: |
civil law system, with regional
applications; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
|
|
Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal
|
|
Executive branch: |
chief of state: King
JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975); Heir Apparent Prince FELIPE, son
of the monarch, born 30 January 1968
head of government:
President of the Government (Prime Minister equivalent) Jose Luis
RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO (since 17 April 2004); First Vice President and Deputy
Prime Minister (and Minister of the Presidency) Maria Teresa FERNANDEZ DE
LA VEGA (since 18 April 2004) and Second Vice President (and Minister of
Economy and Finance) Pedro SOLBES (since 18 April 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president
note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme
consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are
non-binding
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of
the majority coalition is usually proposed president by the monarch and
elected by the National Assembly; election last held on 14 March 2004
(next to be held in March 2008); vice presidents appointed by the monarch
on the proposal of the president
election results: Jose Luis
RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO elected president; percent of National Assembly vote -
52.29% |
|
Legislative branch: |
bicameral; General Courts or
National Assembly or Las Cortes Generales consists of the Senate or Senado
(259 seats - 208 members directly elected by popular vote and the other 51
appointed by the regional legislatures to serve four-year terms) and the
Congress of Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; members are
elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to
serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held on 14
March 2004 (next to be held in March 2008); Congress of Deputies - last
held on 14 March 2004 (next to be held in March 2008)
election
results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PP 49%, PSOE 38%, Entesa
Catalona de Progress 5.7%, PNV 2.8%, CC 2.4%, CiU 2%; seats by party - PP
102, PSOE 81, Entesa Catalona de Progress 12, PNV 6, CiU 4, CC 3; Congress
of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PSOE 43.3%, PP 37.8%, CiU 3.2%,
IU 3.2%, ERC 2.5%, PNV 1.6%, CC 0.9%, other 7.5%; seats by party - PSOE
164, PP 148, CiU 10, ERC 8, PNV 7, IU 5, CC 3, other 5 |
|
Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court or Tribunal
Supremo |
|
Political parties and leaders: |
Aragonese Party or CHA [Bizen
FUSTER]; Basque Nationalist Party or PNV [Josu Jon IMAZ]; Basque
Solidarity or EA [Begona ERRAZTI]; Canarian Coalition or CC [Paulino
RIVERO Baute] (a coalition of five parties); Convergence and Union or CiU
[Artur MAS i Gavarro] (a coalition of the Democratic Convergence of
Catalonia or CDC [Artur MAS i Gavarro] and the Democratic Union of
Catalonia or UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN i LLEIDA]); Entesa Catalonia de
Progress (a Senate coalition grouping four Catalan parties - PSC, ERC,
ICV, EUA); Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Anxo Manuel QUINTANA
Gonzalez]; Initiative for Catalonia Greens or ICV [Joan SAURA i Laporta];
Navarra yes or Na Bai [Uxue BARKOS Berruezo] (a coalition of four Navarran
parties); Popular Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY Brey]; Republican Left of
Catalonia or ERC [Josep-Lluis CAROD-ROVIRA]; Spanish Socialist Workers
Party or PSOE [Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO]; United Left or IU [Gaspar
LLAMAZARES Trigo] (a coalition of parties including the PCE and other
small parties) |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders: |
business and landowning
interests; Catholic Church; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977);
Socialist General Union of Workers or UGT and the smaller independent
Workers Syndical Union or USO; university students; Trade Union
Confederation of Workers' Commissions or CC.OO. |
|
International organization participation: |
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group,
BCIE, BIS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUC, NAM
(guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club,
PCA, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE,
UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Carlos WESTENDORP
chancery: 2375 Pennsylvania Avenue
NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100,
728-2340
FAX: [1] (202) 833-5670
consulate(s)
general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans,
New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico) |
|
Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Eduardo AGUIRRE, Jr.
embassy: Serrano 75, 28006
Madrid
mailing address: PSC 61, APO AE 09642
telephone: [34] (91) 587-2200
FAX: [34] (91)
587-2303
consulate(s) general: Barcelona |
|
Flag description: |
three horizontal bands of red
(top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on
the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal
seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories
(Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of
Gibraltar |
|
Economy - overview: |
The Spanish economy boomed from
1986 to 1990 averaging 5% annual growth. After a European-wide recession
in the early 1990s, the Spanish economy resumed moderate growth starting
in 1994. Spain's mixed capitalist economy supports a GDP that on a per
capita basis is 80% that of the four leading West European economies. The
center-right government of former President AZNAR successfully worked to
gain admission to the first group of countries launching the European
single currency (the euro) on 1 January 1999. The AZNAR administration
continued to advocate liberalization, privatization, and deregulation of
the economy and introduced some tax reforms to that end. Unemployment fell
steadily under the AZNAR administration but remains high at 8.1%. Growth
averaging 3% annually during 2003-06 was satisfactory given the background
of a faltering European economy. The Socialist president, RODRIGUEZ
ZAPATERO, has made mixed progress in carrying out key structural reforms,
which need to be accelerated and deepened to sustain Spain's strong
economic growth. Despite the economy's relative solid footing significant
downside risks remain including Spain's continued loss of competitiveness,
the potential for a housing market collapse, the country's changing
demographic profile, and a decline in EU structural funds. |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity): |
$1.07 trillion (2006 est.)
|
|
GDP (official exchange rate): |
$1.081 trillion (2006 est.)
|
|
GDP - real growth rate: |
3.6% (2006 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita (PPP): |
$27,000 (2006 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 3.9%
industry: 29.4%
services: 66.7% (2006 est.) |
|
Labor force: |
21.77 million (2006 est.)
|
|
Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture: 5.3%
industry: 30.1%
services: 64.6% (2004 est.) |
|
Unemployment rate: |
8.1% (October 2006 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line: |
19.8% (2005) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 25.2% (1990) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
32.5 (1990) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
3.5% (2006 est.) |
|
Investment (gross fixed): |
29.4% of GDP (2006 est.) |
|
Budget: |
revenues: $488.2 billion
expenditures: $475.3 billion; including capital expenditures of
$12.8 billion (2006 est.) |
|
Public debt: |
39.9% of GDP (2006 est.) |
|
Agriculture - products: |
grain, vegetables, olives, wine
grapes, sugar beets, citrus; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish
|
|
Industries: |
textiles and apparel (including
footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals,
shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory
products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment |
|
Industrial production growth rate: |
0.6% (2006 est.) |
|
Electricity - production: |
263.3 billion kWh (2004) |
|
Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 50.4%
hydro: 18.2%
nuclear: 27.2%
other: 4.1%
(2001) |
|
Electricity - consumption: |
241.8 billion kWh (2004) |
|
Electricity - exports: |
11.4 billion kWh (2004) |
|
Electricity - imports: |
8.3 billion kWh (2004) |
|
Oil - production: |
31,250 bbl/day (2004 est.)
|
|
Oil - consumption: |
1.573 million bbl/day (2004
est.) |
|
Oil - exports: |
135,100 bbl/day (2001) |
|
Oil - imports: |
1.582 million bbl/day (2001)
|
|
Oil - proved reserves: |
10.5 million bbl (1 January
2002) |
|
Natural gas - production: |
339 million cu m (2004 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - consumption: |
27.01 billion cu m (2004 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - exports: |
0 cu m (2004 est.) |
|
Natural gas - imports: |
26.95 billion cu m (2004 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - proved reserves: |
2.549 billion cu m (1 January
2005 est.) |
|
Current account balance: |
-$98.6 billion (2006 est.)
|
|
Exports: |
$222.1 billion f.o.b. (2006
est.) |
|
Exports - commodities: |
machinery, motor vehicles;
foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, medicines, other consumer goods |
|
Exports - partners: |
France 19.3%, Germany 11.4%,
Portugal 9.6%, UK 8.4%, Italy 8.4%, US 4.1% (2005) |
|
Imports: |
$324.4 billion f.o.b. (2006
est.) |
|
Imports - commodities: |
machinery and equipment, fuels,
chemicals, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and
medical control instruments |
|
Imports - partners: |
Germany 15.3%, France 14.7%,
Italy 8.6%, UK 5.8%, Netherlands 5%, China 4.2% (2005) |
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$17 billion (2006 est.) |
|
Debt - external: |
$1.591 trillion (30 June 2006
est.) |
|
Economic aid - donor: |
ODA, $1.33 billion (1999)
|
|
Currency (code): |
euro (EUR)
note: on
1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a
common currency to be used by the financial institutions of member
countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for
everyday transactions with the member countries |
|
Currency code: |
EUR |
|
Exchange rates: |
euros per US dollar - 0.7964
(2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002) |
|
Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
|
Telephones - main lines in use: |
18.322 million (2005) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular: |
41.328 million (2005) |
|
Telephone system: |
general assessment:
generally adequate, modern facilities; teledensity is 45 main lines for
each 100 persons
domestic: NA
international: country
code - 34; 22 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric
scatter to adjacent countries |
|
Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 208, FM 715, shortwave 1
(1998) |
|
Radios: |
13.1 million (1997) |
|
Television broadcast stations: |
224 (plus 2,105 repeaters;
includes 11 television broadcast stations and 88 repeaters in the Canary
Islands) (1995) |
|
Televisions: |
16.2 million (1997) |
|
Internet country code: |
.es |
|
Internet hosts: |
2.521 million (2006) |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
56 (2000) |
|
Internet users: |
19.205 million (2006)
|
|
Airports: |
157 (2006) |
|
Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 96
over
3,047 m: 16
2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
1,524 to 2,437
m: 20
914 to 1,523 m: 24
under 914 m: 26 (2006)
|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 61
1,524
to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 44
(2006) |
|
Heliports: |
8 (2006) |
|
Pipelines: |
gas 7,962 km; oil 622 km;
refined products 3,447 km (2006) |
|
Railways: |
total: 14,873 km
broad gauge: 11,919 km 1.668-m gauge (6,950 km electrified)
standard gauge: 998 km 1.435-m gauge (998 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,928 km 1.000-m gauge (815 km electrified); 28
km 0.914-m gauge (28 km electrified) (2005) |
|
Roadways: |
total: 666,292 km
paved: 659,629 km (includes 12,009 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,663 km (2003) |
|
Waterways: |
1,000 km (2003) |
|
Merchant marine: |
total: 169 ships (1000
GRT or over) 1,902,839 GRT/1,874,161 DWT
by type: bulk carrier
9, cargo 13, chemical tanker 14, container 27, liquefied gas 9, passenger
1, passenger/cargo 49, petroleum tanker 15, refrigerated cargo 5, roll
on/roll off 20, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 5
foreign-owned: 36 (Cuba 1, Denmark 1, Germany 12, Italy 2,
Mexico 3, Norway 7, UK 1, Uruguay 2, US 7)
registered in other
countries: 112 (Bahamas 12, Belize 3, Brazil 4, Cambodia 1, Cape Verde
1, Cuba 1, Cyprus 7, Italy 1, Malta 6, Marshall Islands 3, Nigeria 1,
Panama 53, Portugal 15, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2, UK 1, Venezuela 1) (2006)
|
|
Ports and terminals: |
Algeciras, Barcelona,
Cartagena, Gijon, Huelva, La Coruna, Tarragona, Valencia |
|
Military branches: |
Spanish Armed Forces: Army
(Ejercito de Tierra), Spanish Navy (Armada Espanola, AE; includes Marine
Corps), Spanish Air Force (Ejercito del Aire Espanola, EdA) (2006) |
|
Military service age and obligation: |
20 years of age (2004) |
|
Manpower available for military service: |
males age 20-49:
9,366,588
females age 20-49: 9,155,057 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 20-49:
7,623,356
females age 20-49: 7,434,465 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower reaching military service age annually: |
males age 18-49: 233,384
females age 20-49: 221,805 (2005 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
1.2% (2005 est.)
|
|
Disputes - international: |
in 2003, Gibraltar residents
voted overwhelmingly by referendum to remain a British colony and against
a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in
talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over the
coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de
la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding
waters; Morocco serves as the primary launching site of illegal migration
into Spain from North Africa; Portugal does not recognize Spanish
sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of
interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of
Badajoz |
|
Illicit drugs: |
despite rigorous law
enforcement efforts, North African, Latin American, Galician, and other
European traffickers take advantage of Spain's long coastline to land
large shipments of cocaine and hashish for distribution to the European
market; consumer for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish;
destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin;
money-laundering site for Colombian narcotics trafficking organizations
and organized crime |
Source: CIA - The World Factbook 2007 - Spain, a public domain source
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